{"id":21803,"date":"2018-05-26T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-05-26T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/regthink\/islamic-feminism-the-case-of-morocco\/"},"modified":"2023-05-29T12:00:59","modified_gmt":"2023-05-29T12:00:59","slug":"islamic-feminism-the-case-of-morocco","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.regthink.org\/en\/islamic-feminism-the-case-of-morocco\/","title":{"rendered":"Islamic feminism&#058; The case of Morocco"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In early May, some 7,000 women sat the public notary test ( <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">ma&#8217;dhoun shara&#8217;i<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> or <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2018\/05\/245874\/women-public-notary-positions\/\"><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">adoul<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ,) throughout Morocco. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This was a historic first time in which women were permitted to apply for the public position in the kingdom, until recently reserved for men alone. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Public notaries oversee a variety of transactions, including sale of property, commercial contracts, and matters relating to marriage, divorce and inheritance. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">King Mohammed VI <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/01\/morocco-women-public-notary-positions-180123084521772.html\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">issued a royal decree<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> opening the post up to women in early 2018 and charged the Minister of Justice with executing the decision &#8211; a testament to his enduring power over the country&#8217;s political system as well as his role as spiritual leader.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dw.com\/ar\/%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3\/a-42274902\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Other Arab countries<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> took this step several years ago, among them Tunisia, Egypt and the UAE. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Yet Morocco appears to be leading the Arab world in terms of integrating women into the religious establishment, as part of the king&#8217;s agenda to strengthen moderate Islam. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Over a decade ago, Rabat saw the <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.habous.gov.ma\/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9.html\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">opening<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> of <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;Institut Mohammed VI Pour La Formation Des Imams, Morchidines et Morchidates<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &#8211; an institution for training both men and women as religious guides. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The women are trained in the spirit of &#8220;Moroccan Islam&#8221;, which emphasizes a moderate interpretation of Muslim law ( <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">shari&#8217;a<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">) and incorporates elements of the popular Sufi Islam prevalent in Morocco. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">They are then sent to work as spiritual guides in various districts of the kingdom and operate as part of the education system, due to the institution&#8217;s declared policy of <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2018\/02\/the-female-quran-experts-fighting-radical-islam-in-morocco\/551996\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">fighting radical Islam<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In other words, this advancement in the status of Moroccan women is largely a top-down development led by the political and religious establishment and backed by legislation. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">As far back as 2004 &#8211; a year after the mass terror attacks in Casablanca &#8211; the king decided to <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regthink.org\/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9E\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">change<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> the &#8216;family code&#8217; law ( <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the Moudawana<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ). <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">For the first time, the law made both spouses the joint heads of the family, eliminated women&#8217;s dependence on their husbands&#8217; will, raised the marriage age (from 15 to 18), restricted polygamy and gave women the right to custody of their children after divorce. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This wave of change has continued steadily despite objections, primarily by Islamist elements such as the Justice and Development Party ( <\/span><\/span><a href=\"\/articles\/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9A-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">PJD<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ), Morocco&#8217;s ruling party in recent years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The king enjoys the support of the country&#8217;s strong civil society groups and especially women&#8217;s organizations, most of which are headed by educated, urban, <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regthink.org\/%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91-%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">secular women<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">These women took part in the 2011 Arab Spring protests that led to amending the country&#8217;s constitution to enshrine gender equality in it for the first time. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">They are fighting not only for legal changes but also to change conservative attitudes, especially in rural areas where law enforcement is lax. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ara.reuters.com\/article\/arabicWorldService\/idARAL8N1RL0ME\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Child marriage<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> and <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/02\/26\/morocco-new-violence-against-women-law\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">domestic abuse<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , for example, are still fairly common in these parts of Morocco. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Yet the big cities are not immune to offensive norms, such as <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ynet.co.il\/articles\/0,7340,L-5009169,00.html\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">sexual harassment<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> or assault in the public domain &#8211; an issue that has particularly come to the fore over the last year.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">A leading figure in Moroccan feminism is <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.qantara.de\/content\/islamic-inheritance-law-in-morocco-and-tunisia-feminist-asma-lamrabet-under-pressure\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Asma Lamrabet<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , a physician and scholar who has authored several books on the status of women in Islam. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">But Lamrabet&#8217;s approach, as a religious woman, is fundamentally different to that of her secular counterparts, who publicly oppose the principles of <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">shari&#8217;a<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">For radical Islamists in Morocco, however, this makes little difference: under their pressure, she was forced to resign from her position as director of the Center d&#8217;Etudes Feminines en Islam (Islamic Women&#8217;s Studies Center) earlier this year. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The pressure to leave was apparently the result of her call to end discrimination against women in Islamic inheritance law, while discussion of amending a similar law was under way in neighboring Tunisia.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Islamic feminism and the diversity of feminist activism as we see in Morocco is rarely discussed in Israeli media or academic discourse. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The status of women in the Arab and Muslim world is usually discussed in simplistic terms, focusing mostly on <\/span><\/span><a href=\"\/en\/articles\/security-or-politics-behind-morocco-burqa-ban\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">head covers<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> as a way of measuring the extremism of a person or a society. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">However, religious feminism and the search for advancing the status of women within the framework of religious law is a well-known phenomenon in Israel, too. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In fact, some argue that the women working for equality <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200812091615\/http:\/\/www.old.kolech.org.il\/maamar\/%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98-%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9-%D7%A2\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">within Orthodox Judaism<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> are spearheading a true revolution among the religious public in Israel. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Religious study centers for women are popping up; <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">women are participating in rituals until recently reserved only for men, such as <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/travel\/.premium-mixed-minyans-at-shira-hadasha-shul-1.5375736\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">feminist Orthodox<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">minyans<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ; <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">religious women&#8217;s organizations such as<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kolech.org.il\/en\/\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Kolech<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> are being founded; <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">and there are even female<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/National-News\/Female-rabbinical-court-advocate-added-to-committee-for-election-of-rabbinical-judges-324955\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> rabbinical advocates<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> in the courts. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Much like in Morocco, these changes have usually met with opposition by the<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ynetnews.com\/articles\/0,7340,L-4486123,00.html\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> patriarchal establishment<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">At the end of the day, in Israel, like in many Arab countries, these far-reaching changes are also bottom-up processes driven by the women themselves. <\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Traditional and religious feminists in the region, while undoubtedly influenced by Western ideas, are largely not looking to tear down existing cultural and religious institutions and frameworks, but rather seeking avenues for change within them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In early May, some 7,000 women sat the public notary test ( ma&#8217;dhoun shara&#8217;i or adoul ,) throughout Morocco. This was a historic first time in which women were permitted to apply for the public position in the kingdom, until recently reserved for men alone. Public notaries oversee a variety of transactions, including sale of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21804,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3127,336],"tags":[208],"class_list":["post-21803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-middle-east","category-336","tag-208"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Islamic feminism&#058; The case of Morocco | The Regional Thinking Forum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e7\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e4\u05e1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d6\u05d4&quot;\u05ea \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05d5 | Islamic feminism&#058; 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