{"id":23380,"date":"2020-06-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/regthink\/in-search-of-a-game-changer\/"},"modified":"2023-04-22T22:16:29","modified_gmt":"2023-04-22T22:16:29","slug":"in-search-of-a-game-changer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.regthink.org\/en\/in-search-of-a-game-changer\/","title":{"rendered":"In Search of a Game Changer"},"content":{"rendered":"
On Monday February 3, 1919 a delegation of the World Zionist Organization, led by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, submitted to the victorious High Contracting Parties heading the Paris Peace Conference\u00a0a 3 page document<\/a>\u00a0asking them \u201cto recognise the historic title of the Jewish people to Palestine and the right of the Jews to reconstitute in Palestine their National Home.\u201d The West Bank was a minuscule part of the territory requested. During the 101 years that followed the sole empirical-material process that has been unfolding throughout the territory of mandatory Palestine is one that is probably best labelled \u201cIsrael’s One-State Solution<\/a>,\u201d that is, ceaseless consolidation of Zionist\/Israeli domination over the area stretching between the Jordan Valley and the Mediterranean Sea. It is no surprise that some ponder whether a game changer can be spotted on the horizon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\u201cGame changer\u201d is a concept that involves individuals, tactics, strategies, and more. As such, it saturates the mind of every losing player, team, and\/or party; a player who is winning a game, let alone decisively, is rarely interested in a game changer. In the hazardous Israel\/Palestine playing-field, the issue may well be more complex or counterintuitive. That is so not because the losing collectivity is somehow uninterested in a game changer (Palestinians are interested); it is because the leadership of the winning Israeli collectivity has convinced itself, perhaps paranoidly, that the \u201cgame\u201d is not yet over and that it still needs to settle on what the endgame is. I wish to suggest here that annexation-cum-apartheid may not be this endgame.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u201cPeace to Prosperity\u201d?<\/strong><\/div>\n
A significant development\u2014possibly even a game changer\u2014has been three years in the making, and is led by a group of American-Israeli policy makers linked to Israel\u2019s \u201cBlock of the Faithful\u201d settler movement. The development reached an important point in Washington DC in January 2020 when Donald Trump\u2019s administration introduced a 181 page plan entitled \u201cPeace to Prosperity<\/a>\u201d\u2014colloquially referred to as \u201cthe Trump Peace Deal\u201d or \u201cthe deal of the century.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
The Plan is mainly comprised of data-tables and what are labelled \u201cconceptual\u201d maps. Its thrust is to annul established international conventions that regulate border demarcations. The goal is realized through permission to Israel, given by the Republican Party, to formally annex (illegal) settlements in the West Bank unilaterally. The Plan dictates an unequal land exchange between the two asymmetric parties: while Israel is to incorporate the Jordan Valley\u2019s fertile land, desert plots, located to the south-west of the Gaza strip, will be provided to the Palestinians. Trump\u2019s Plan ultimately reserves a stretch of fragmented land for a future de-militarized Palestinian statelet which institutionally cannot escape the label\u00a0Bantustan<\/a>. As visualized in one of the official maps, the combined size of the Palestinian archipelago is set to include 19% of the 26,320 square KM of former Mandatory Palestine, assuming no Israeli infringements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
In Israel, meanwhile, a coalition government was finally formed in April following three exorbitant rounds of general elections within a span of a single politically grotesque year. The new coalition is comprised of eight parties, three of which are the most crucial: the Likud, headed by the immortal Benjamin Netanyahu; the pseudo-oppositional Blue & White Party (Kahol Lavan), headed by former IDF Chief of Staff Benjamin Ganz, who has managed to renege on every promise made to his constituents; and the junior partner, the Labour Party, headed by Amir Peretz, who has been in the past a member of the celebrated\u00a0Peace Now<\/a>\u00a0movement and Israel\u2019s Defense Minster during the 2006 Lebanon confrontation. This coalition includes a staggering 73 Knesset Members out of 120. Their first act as a body was to endorse Trump\u2019s Plan. Netanyahu\u00a0<\/a>declared that annexation will happen within \u201ca few months,\u201d by which he subtextually meant prior to the November 2020 American presidential election that\u2014at this moment of writing\u2014still stands some chance to oust\u00a0Trump, who is searching for the widest possible evangelical support<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Israeli implementation of Trump\u2019s Plan will in all likelihood transform the West Bank\u2019s extant\u00a0de facto\u00a0apartheid into a\u00a0de jure\u00a0one. Is that a game changer? If yes, in what direction\/s? Most crucially, is\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid by definition more ruinous\u00a0empirically\u00a0vis-\u00e0-vis the\u00a0long-term future than\u00a0de facto\u00a0apartheid? Attempts to unemotionally address this puzzle are morally obliged to acknowledge two issues at the outset. First, it is Palestinians who must ultimately have the final word and verdict on this non-hypothetical question (Palestinian Jews<\/a>\u00a0possibly included). Secondly, both\u00a0de jure\u00a0and\u00a0de facto\u00a0apartheid are abominations; they must as such be morally opposed, and socio-politically resisted, in the West Bank as much as anywhere globally. If one were to attempt and make sense of such a chilling scenario as apartheid formalization then there is no choice but to first rewind to November 29, 1947, the day the UN General Assembly voted to affirm\u00a0Resolution 181(ii)<\/a>\u00a0to partition mandatory Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state (that were supposed to share a single economic union).<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Partition as Mantra<\/strong><\/div>\n
From 1947 to date the notion of territorial partition has remained the organizing international mantra for resolving the Palestine\/Israel question. As explained in detail elsewhere, the international community\u2019s long-lasting fixation on partition has dominated, notwithstanding that there\u00a0never was a consequential pre-1948 Zionist constituency<\/a>, nor has there been a post-1948 Israeli-Jewish constituency in support of a viable two-state partition. Anti-partition has likewise been the historically dominant Palestinian stance, save perhaps for the 1988\u20132000 period. Most Palestinians and Israelis have never supported the idea of slicing into two viable states what they see as their respective \u201chistoric\u201d homeland. Following its monumental triumph in 1967, however, Israel was able to maintain effective control over 100% of mandatory Palestine. Since 1967, the principal solution the international community has offered to resolve the collision has ceased to rest on the 1947 Plan. The new idea envisions an Israeli return to the 1949 armistice Green Line and the establishment of a modestly viable independent Palestine in the Gaza Strip and West Bank (East Jerusalem included). Not enough Euro-Americans know that this bifurcated territory consists of 6205 squared KM\u2014smaller than the state of Delaware and one-fifth the size of occupied Crimea or pre-1967 Israel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
As neat and soothing as the newer partition vision was for the lethargic international community, it faced a barrier immediately: it was sliced like a salami because of Israel\u2019s unilateral annexation of East Jerusalem (against the\u00a0vote<\/a>\u00a0of the UN Security Council), by Israel\u2019s confiscation of public and privately-owned\u00a0West Bank land<\/a>, and by colonization activity involving the implantation of\u00a0620,000 Jewish settlers<\/a>\u00a0east of the Green Line (notwithstanding the contravention of article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention). Recall that Israel\u2019s settler population also grew by\u00a049%<\/a>\u00a0during the most conciliatory government of Yitzhak Rabin from 1992 to 1995\/6. The latest stage in this take-over is Trump\u2019s Plan. Is transformation from\u00a0de facto\u00a0to\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid a game changer? If yes, is it exclusively for the worse? It is illogical to address this unsettling conundrum without appraising alternative options, that is, whether there are\u2014right here and now\u2014forces capable of unleashing into Israel\/Palestine dynamics of liberal democratization in the\u00a0opposite\u00a0direction of apartheid. Four asymmetric power-containers could theoretically spark liberal-democratic modification: Israel, the Palestinians, the Arab world, and Euro-America.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Contra-Apartheid?<\/strong><\/div>\n
Consider Israel first. A worldwide wishful thinking spread after the 1993 Washington DC signing of the Oslo Accords. On this line of thinking, a sufficiently formidable Left-Zionist force was present that was capable of reversing the 1967 occupation and delivering a viable partition. If such a Left-Zionist power ever existed empirically, it doubtlessly faded in 2005 upon Ariel Sharon\u2019s implementation of the \u201cDisengagement Plan\u201d:\u00a0from 2005 onwards, all Israeli leaders have (nominally) embraced the slogan \u201cTwo-States\u201d\u2014foremost Netanyahu in his June 14, 2009\u00a0Bar Ilan University speech<\/a>\u2014for the sole purpose of its suffocation; in wrestling they term this position a \u201cbear hug.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0Note that Trump\u2019s \u201cPeace to Prosperity\u201d is also framed\/marketed as a \u201cTwo-State\u201d solution. In the 2009 Israeli election the\u00a0Meretz\u00a0party\u2014the only Israeli-Jewish party between 1993 and 2005 that promoted a\u00a0viable,\u00a0non-deceitful Two-State solution\u2014was erased.\u00a0Save for those who willingly blind themselves, now in 2020 it is evident\u00a0that only bold\u00a0and less-bold shades of colonizing Right-Wing Zionism exist. Israel\u2019s phantom-left can at most deliver symbolic protests. It is thus impossible to detect domestic forces emerging from within Israel that could spark liberal modification. An Israeli De Klerk likewise does not exist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Consider now the Palestinians who are currently quite weak, divided and fragmented. Liberal-democratic modification of the status-quo is unlikely to emerge in the near future from within Palestine nor, so it seems, from the dispersed Palestinian people globally. This results from the Palestinians\u2019 structural inability to amass by themselves sufficient Vietnamese\/Algerian-type of anti-colonial power. While a Gandhian non-violent resistance, that incidentally typified the first intifada,\u00a0may\u00a0stand a better chance to deliver liberation, both resistance types presently seem incapable of countering in a sufficient manner Israel\u2019s massive military, economic, and technological forces. This profound imbalance of power enabled the present apartheid setting to begin with.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
The third power-container that can theoretically spark contra-apartheid dynamics is the Arab world that surrounds Palestine. The thoroughly underutilized human \u201ccapital\u201d in the Arab world consists of over 300 million people. The Arab collectivity probably embodies the sole potential reservoir for counterweight to Israel\u2019s social, military, economic, and technological force. Yet the derailing of the post-2011 democratic Arab Spring\u2014coupled with the social fragmentation of Syria, Yemen, Iraq, and (pro-Israel) Egypt\u2014seems to mean that some time would be needed before an Arab power could become consequential vis-\u00e0-vis the Israel\/Palestine question. It is worth reminding that only a\u00a0democratically\u00a0inclined Arab force could potentially challenge Israel: non-democratic Arab developments (such as ISIS) merely strengthen indirectly Israel\u2019s standing vis-\u00e0-vis the Palestinians globally. The final force left then is Euro-America.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Euro-America until Trump<\/strong><\/div>\n
Unlike Israel, the Palestinians, or the Arab world, Euro-America was, and remains, the most potent power-container; as such, it could have long generated a degree of liberal-democratic change over what is after all an economically-dependent Israel\u2014the same Israel that has been exercising\u00a0de facto\u00a0apartheid for decades without effects on its trade. Pre-Trump Euro-America did not introduce any liberal-democratic dynamic to Israel\/Palestine. It therefore seems that no contra-apartheid development will be delivered for Israel\/Palestine by some benevolent Western remote control. This has been thus far the case in relation to (1) Western states\u00a0that occupy the center-stage of all Eurocentric analyses of the Two-State school\u00a0and\u00a0to (2) the symbolically pro-Palestinian Western civil society\u2014that occupies\u00a0in toto\u00a0the Eurocentric (and non-Arab-centered) analysis of the 21st\u00a0century One-State school.\u00a0Recalling<\/a>\u00a0pre-1993 South Africa can be helpful comparatively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Apartheid in South Africa was toppled foremost as a consequence of decades of organized mobilization by a\u00a0domestic\u00a0triangular force comprising the African National Congress (ANC), the Congress of South African Trade unions (COSATO), and the South African Communist Party. These organs have no Palestinian or Arab equivalents. With all due respect to Euro-American civil society and its committed activism, ending apartheid would not have materialized without, first, the non-sectarian counter-power that the triangular South African force amassed from\u00a0within\u00a0and, second,\u00a0state-based international sanctions.\u00a0The boycott by Western civil society was the icing on the cake, whereas the cake remained what it was: South African bottom-up, domestic-democratic power and activism. In this context, pro-Palestinian forces within the world\u2019s southern and Western civil societies were undoubtedly committed to their cause; yet the fact remains empirically simple regardless of whether or not one likes it: these constituencies are not that powerful and have had only modest tangible achievements since the 1960s activism of the New Left.\u00a0That said, it is possible that a sophisticated and sustained tapping of pro-Palestinian grassroots activism into the globally transformative Black Lives Matters movement\u2014including via\u00a0multilingual rap\/hip-hop music<\/a>\u2014could modify the historical equation to some degree.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
To date, only one single international intervention over-powered Israel in a top-down fashion: President Dwight D. Eisenhower\u2019s forcing of Israel\u2019s immediate, full, and unconditional withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in 1956.<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
Likely Effects of\u00a0De Jure\u00a0Apartheid<\/strong><\/div>\n
Forces that could spark anti-apartheid dynamics are thus weak or absent altogether, unlike Trump\u2019s Plan and Israel\u2019s possible annexation. The most crucial subject pertaining to apartheid formalization is the tangible impact on the daily lives of \u201cordinary\u201d Palestinians. Their property rights\u00a0are likely to be hit<\/a>: Israel may deepen its land expropriation by declaring it \u201cstate owned.\u201d Specifically, Israel might apply to annexed land its\u00a01950 Absentee Property Act<\/a>, which was originally enacted to grab property of 1948 refugees; under the\u00a0Law of Belligerent Occupation<\/a>\u00a0such seizing is harder to accomplish.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Counterintuitive as it may seem, the profoundly potent\u00a0new\u00a0existential effects that\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid would generate are finite:\u00a0de facto\u00a0apartheid has been in place for decades and it is uncertain whether or not its formalization will substantially modify existing life under prolonged military occupation. Egregious developments might of course emerge (for example new aggravating legislation). Yet, it seems unlikely that it will take effect immediately.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Annexation will present conclusive proof that Israeli rulers have ceased fearing consequential protests from within Israeli civil society. This could simultaneously ignite some corrective to the prevailing wishful thinking from across the globe that a pro-partition, Left-Zionist anti-occupation force exists in Israel (or abroad).\u00a0The formalization of apartheid may lead honest members of Left-Zionist constituencies to cease relying on phantom forces and ideas and explore alternatives that lean on forces that are tangible. These may include Israel\u2019s Arab-dominated political party \u201cThe Joint List,\u201d various campaigns that harshly target bodies operating in the occupied West Bank (as\u00a0several faith-based groups do<\/a>), the more \u201cstandard\u201d BDS campaign against Israel (presently endorsed by few unions and scholarly associations), or other initiatives or groups that oppose unconditionally all post-1967 occupation and settlement apparatus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
A move to formalize apartheid will clarify something graver: that Israeli rulers overcame fears of the international community. While this may well be so, this feature\u00a0per se\u00a0has little to do directly with Israel. The international reality is one of comprehensive inaction vis-\u00e0-vis Israeli violations\u2014by American administrations, individual European governments, the European union, or international organizations. Israeli rulers have good reasons to cease fearing the international community. Yet, introducing\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid could become a tipping point of sorts\u2014that additional straw needed to begin denting patterns of international inaction. To date Israel camouflages apartheid under an elaborate web of informal settings and this matrix may actually be more insidious than\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Apartheid formalization will ridicule the countless warning letters international bodies have manufactured since 1967 against the occupation, proving that their worth equals that of their printing paper.\u00a0De jure\u00a0apartheid will confirm beyond doubt that Israel neither views the occupation as \u201ctemporary\u201d\u2014contrary to what it has argued for decades, including via its Supreme Court\u2014nor that its West Bank activities arise from security considerations, as it argued in\u00a0The Hauge in 2004<\/a>. It will be somewhat clearer to see that these policies result from a commitment to expansionist colonization. If annexation is in place formally, the questions of democracy and equal citizenship are bound to surface more visibly at both the international and domestic level. The international community may start initiating a more coherent consensus for counter-actions vis-\u00e0-vis\u00a0official\u00a0apartheid. While external intervention of a 1956 calibre stands a modest chance to follow formalization of apartheid, it clearly has not\u00a0preceded\u00a0it thus far and seems unlikely to materialize without it. Palestinians are cruelly imprisoned between a rock and a hard place. The spectre of annexation did trigger some calls for a more vigorous action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
A cross-party group of 143 UK parliamentarians\u2014curiously including one who defamed Jeremy Corbyn as an anti-Semite\u2014published an atypically\u00a0strongly worded letter<\/a>\u00a0to Boris Johnson: \u201c[\u2026] The UK must work with other states to respond robustly to both the US plan and any annexation of Palestinian territory. It must demonstrate that serious breaches of International Law result in serious consequences just as the UK and European partners have rightly done with regards to Russia in its illegal annexation of Crimea. Double standards would have dire consequences for the role of International Law which would put in danger all nations and peoples, including our own […].\u201d The International Relations & Defense Committee of Britain\u2019s House of Lords meanwhile sent a\u00a0strongly worded letter<\/a>\u00a0to James Cleverly, Minister of State for the Middle East and North Africa. The letter recommends limiting preferential economic access to the UK market that Israel has long enjoyed, notwithstanding its\u00a0de facto\u00a0apartheid, if annexation should go ahead. EU Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell declared that Israel\u2019s annexation is \u201cthe most important item<\/a>\u201d in the meeting agenda of EU Foreign Ministers. EU\u2019s Foreign Affairs Commission was\u00a0reported to suggest<\/a>\u00a0that sanctions could be introduced if Israel annexes. Such decision necessitates a unanimous vote of support by all 27 EU member states. It does not seem likely that ultra-conservative members such as Hungary, Romania, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy or Bulgaria will support sanctions on Israel even after annexation.<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
Apartheid as a Means?<\/strong><\/div>\n
Concerns about, and warnings against, apartheid have naturally mushroomed among ideologically-diverse observers of Palestine\/Israel following the publication of Trump\u2019s Plan. Practically all have overlooked one critical point: Israeli leaders are perfectly well-aware of the fact that\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid remains a toxic public relations exercise\u2014a commodity difficult to market even in an exponentially more illiberal\/authoritarian world (Russia, Turkey, Hungary, China, India, Philippines, the US, Brazil, Austria, Italy and more). Analysts may thus be better off understanding Israeli apartheid solely as a means to a different end. While Israel is, historically, a resolutely winning player, it neither views the \u201cgame\u201d as over nor\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid as its endgame.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Israel may well strive for a dilution of the apartheid condition. It must be firstly acknowledged that Palestinians are an indigenous national collectivity, and not an emigrant minority. It is the state of Israel that migrated onto their heads, not the other way around. That is one of the reasons why Israel\u2019s interest is dilution and relaxation of\u00a0de jure,\u00a0South African-like apartheid. This could happen, for example, if Israel opts to extend to West Bank Palestinians something that legally resembles the current status of Palestinians in East Jerusalem, the American \u201cGreen Card,\u201d or the British \u201cIndefinite Leave to Remain.\u201d All of these are configurations of permanent-residency based on a categorical denial of voting rights in national elections.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Israel may ultimately aim not just for dilution of apartheid but for its evaporation. Contrary to the hopes of some, that is unlikely to come about by means of legal extension to West Bank Palestinians of citizenship identical to that which Israel extended to Palestinians in 1948. For the foreseeable future Israel is unlikely to join such campaigns as “One Democratic State.<\/a>” Evaporation of the apartheid setting can paradoxically be maximized via the logic of settler colonialism itself. One thrust of Israel\u2019s One-State project is demographic change: \u201cmaximum territory, minimum Arabs.\u201d This is a continuous effort to minimize the number of Palestinians on the ground by bureaucratic, procedural, legal, peaceful, forceful, and\/or violent means. Palestinian misery is never coincidental but strives to increase emigration. Military orders 1649 and 1650 of October 13, 2009 are good illustrations: they define all Palestinians in the West Bank as \u201cinfiltrators\u201d who may be jailed and deported. The remainder of this essay consequently explores whether Israel may be in search of a game changer that surpasses annexation.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Displacement vs. Apartheid?<\/strong><\/div>\n
Trump\u2019s Plan and\/or Israel\u2019s possible annexation are neither the sole issues in motion in 2020, nor necessarily the most critical ones. A State Department official who accompanied Secretary of State Mike Pompeo\u2019s 13th\u00a0of May visit to Jerusalem commented on\u00a0reports<\/a>\u00a0that Israel has been intensifying airstrikes in Syria, chiefly against Iranian targets. For him\u00a0it seems clear<\/a>\u00a0that Israel increased its \u201coperational tempo\u201d and broadened its \u201ctarget set\u201d in Syria. Contrary to most interpretations, a reliable\u00a0Haaretz\u00a0analyst\u00a0explained<\/a>\u00a0that annexation was not the prime reason for Pompeo\u2019s visit but the question of Iran\u2019s containment (as well as Israel-China\u00a0trade relations during the COVID-19 pandemic): Trump fully backs Israel\u2019s anti-Iran actions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Israel has acted in an overall provocative manner in the region. It has done so since Netanyahu\u2019s re-election in 2009 and his uninterrupted reign since. Willful\u00a0regional escalation or confrontation<\/a>\u00a0could serve as a game changer for Israel. Recall that the Palestinian\u00a0Nakba\u2019s pinnacle cleansing materialized in 1948 during a\u00a0regional\u00a0confrontation; that was likewise the case during the 1967\u00a0Naksa\u00a0(\u201csetback\u201d) that resulted in an additional massive displacement of Palestinians (and Syrians). Israel\u2019s hunger is for territory, albeit without the Palestinians living in it. Paradoxically, then, colonial displacement, let alone cleansing, are macabre antidotes vis-\u00e0-vis the apartheid setting itself. Should heightened regional confrontation erupt\u2014such as between Israel and ISIS or Israel and Iran\u2014some Palestinian communities could find themselves displaced in the same manner as countless Arabs were in war-torn Syria, let alone as happened in 1948 and 1967. Little international attention was paid when Israeli police publicly exercized a\u00a0transfer scenario<\/a>\u00a0on October 7, 2010, or when Israel provoked Syria by bombing its nuclear facility on September 6, 2007.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Regional confrontation need not produce wholesale cleansing; it could still affect existing demography and geography in a mode conducive to annexation\u00a0sans\u00a0apartheid. If displacements emerge amid regional confrontations that involve Israeli victims and physical harm, it will be harder to solicit sufficiently vigorous\u00a0formal\u00a0opposition to them from (conservative) Euro-America. When the Geneva Convention is cited in the Israel\/Palestine context, it is usually done in relation to illegal settlement activities. Yet the legal minds laboring for Israel always emphasize that international law affords sovereign states ample rights to defend citizens and territory. Under confrontations involving civilian Israeli victims\/harm, it becomes easier to defend internationally (and frame as legal) acts of displacement as defensive measures. Iranian bombs on Tel Aviv\u2014as happened in 1990 with Iraq\u2014could be rather useful in facilitating disproportionate Israeli aggressions, including vis-\u00e0-vis a domestic \u201cenemy-affiliated population.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
It is thus possible that otherwise triumphant Israel remains in search of a game changer as much as Palestinians are. What appears quite clear is that Israel\u2019s endgame is more open-ended than\u00a0de jure\u00a0apartheid. Therefore, while anti-apartheid mobilization vis-\u00e0-vis Lilliputian Israel\/Palestine is obviously needed, a considerably broader\u00a0anti-war\u00a0movement, whose scope is explicitly regional, seems equally critical, if not more so.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
En Masse\u00a0Bi-Nationalism as Game Changer?<\/strong><\/div>\n
Following the 50th\u00a0commemoration of the Palestinian catastrophe across Euro-America in 1998, employment of the idiom \u201congoing\u00a0Nakba\u201d has grown among scholars and others. Few people, however, seem to comprehend in sufficient detail and depth the idiom\u2019s concrete meanings and continuous inner-workings, as this essay partially attempts to elucidate. This misapprehension may be one of the impediments for formulating\u2014and propagating\u00a0en masse\u00a0to broader constituencies\u2014an alternative, contra-apartheid pathway capable of addressing viably both colonial\u00a0and national\u00a0formations. Many have realized by now that a game-changing pathway ahead cannot rest on territorial partition. Yet only a handful dare acknowledge that liberalism, and the institutionalization of individual rights including One-Person\/One-Vote, are necessary, yet entirely insufficient, conditions to ameliorate inter-communal and inter-religious tensions in post-Ottoman Palestine\/Israel. Messianic liberalism that chiefly sees atomized individuals is equally insufficient to heal diverse societies in neighboring states such as Syria, Iraq, Lebanon or Yemen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Irrespective of one\u2019s liking or disliking, one hundred and forty years of Arab-Zionist enmities have been socially-constructed in the (empirical) Middle East as two collectivities that cannot be understood outside the global playing-field of the phenomenon of ethno-nationalism: Palestinian-Arab and Hebrew-speaking Israeli. The non-partitioned pathway ahead cannot become a game changer that magnetizes new secular and religious constituencies so long as eyes remain obliviously shut to the foundational notions of federalism and bi-nationalism.\u00a0Non-partitioned settlement in Israel\/Palestine stands thus only a modest chance to\u00a0materialize as long as liberalism and individual rights remain as unfastened as they presently are to bi-nationalism and collective rights.\u00a0Collective identities that are informed by religious, ethnic, or\u00a0national\u00a0ties are unlikely to \u201cdisappear\u201d\u2014or be wishfully willed away\u2014through their liberal privatization to some imaginary\u00a0non-public sphere. It is worth rereading Edward Said\u2019s seminal 1999 essay, preferably without\u00a0bypassing its single most central contention: \u201creal peace can come only with a binational Israeli-Palestinian state<\/a>.\u201d<\/div>\n

Essay posted in conjunction with Contending Modernities<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Moshe Behar holds a PhD in Comparative Politics from Columbia University and is Associate Professor and Programme Director, Arabic & Middle Eastern Studies, University of Manchester, UK. His latest work is \u201cCompeting Marxisms, Cessation of (Settler) Colonialism, and the One-State Solution in Israel\/Palestine\u201d, forthcoming in Bashir Bashir & Leila Farsakh (eds.) The Arab and Jewish Questions: Geographies of Engagement in Palestine and Beyond (New York: Columbia University Press).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On Monday February 3, 1919 a delegation of the World Zionist Organization, led by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, submitted to the victorious High Contracting Parties heading the Paris Peace Conference\u00a0a 3 page document\u00a0asking them \u201cto recognise the historic title of the Jewish people to Palestine and the right of the Jews to reconstitute in Palestine their […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23381,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3127,336],"tags":[207,214,196,308,200,217,307],"class_list":["post-23380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-middle-east","category-336","tag-207","tag-214","tag-196","tag-308","tag-200","tag-217","tag-307"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIn Search of a Game Changer | The Regional Thinking 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